Литература

1. British Thoracic Society. Guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in Adults. Thorax 2001; 56 (suppl. 4): 1-64.

2. Woodhead M. Community-acquired pneumonia in Europe: causative pathogens and resistance patterns.

3. Lim W.S., Macfalane J.T., Boswell T.C. et al. Study of com­munity-acquired pneumonia aetiology (SCAPA) in adults admitted to hospital: implication for management guide­lines. Thorax 2001; 56: 296-301.

4. Ноников В.Е., Зубков М.Н., Гугуцидзе Е.Н. Пневмокок­ковая пневмония у лиц старше 60 лет: особенности специфического гуморального иммунного ответа. Пульмонология 1991; 1: 15-19.

5. Farr B.M., Kaiser D.L., Harrison B.D.W., Connolli C.K. Prediction of microbial aetiology at admission to hospital for pneumonia from the presenting clinical features. Thorax 1989; 44: 1031-1035.

6. Macfarlane J.T., Finch R.G., Ward M.J., Macrae A.D. Hospital study of adult community-acquired pneumonia. Lancet 1982; 2: 255-258.

7. Зубков М.Н., Гугуцидзе Е.Н. Микробиологические ас­пекты диагностики пневмоний. Пульмонология 1997; 1: 41-45.

8. Bartlett J.G., Dowell S.F., Mandell L.A. et al. Guidelines from the Infection Diseases Society of America. Practice guidelines for the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2000; 31: 347-382.

9. American Thoracic Society. Guidelines of the management of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. Diagnosis, assessment of severity, antimicrobial therapy, and preven­tion. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2001; 163: 1730-1754.

10. Thorsteinsson S.B., Musher D.M., Fagan T. The diagnostic value of sputum culture in acute pneumonia. J.A.M.A. 1975; 233: 894-895.

11. Boerner D.F. The value of the sputum Gram stain in commu­

nity-acquired pneumonia. J.A.M.A. 1982; 247: 642-645.

12. Kalin M., Lindberg A.A., Tuneval G.

13. Lentino J.R., Lucks D.A. Nonvalue of sputum culture in the management of lower respiratory tract infection. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1987; 25: 758-762.

14. Glaister D. Early detection of lower respiratory tract infec­tion: the value of Gram-stained sputum smear. Med. Lab. Sci. 1991; 48: 175-177.

15. Verhelst R., Kaijalainen T., De Baere T. et al. Comparison of five techniques for identification of optochin-resistant pneumococcus-like isolates. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2003; 41: 3521-3525.

16. Holmberg H., Holme T., Krook A. Detection of C polysac­charide in Streptococcus pneumoniae in the sputa of pneu­monia patients by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1985; 22: 111-115.

17. Holmberg H., Krook A. Comparison of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with coagglutination and latex agglu­tination for rapid diagnosis of pneumococcal pneumonia by detecting antigen in sputa. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1986; 5: 282-286.

18. Boeresma W.G., Lowenberg A., Lolloway Y. Pneumococcal capsular antigen detections and pneumococcal serology in patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Thorax 1991; 46: 902-906.

19. Burman L.A., Trollfors B., Andersson B. Diagnosis of pneu­monia by cultures, bacterial and viral antigen detection tests and serology with special reference to antibodies against pneumococcal antigen. J. Infect. Dis. 1991; 163: 1087-1095.

20. Capeding M.R.Z., Nohynek H., Ruutu P. Evaluation of a new tube latex agglutination test for detection of type-specific pneumococcal antigen in urine. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1991; 29: 1818-1821.

21. Kok T.W., Marmion B.P, Varkanis G. et al. Laboratory diag­nosis of M.pneumoniae infection. Detection IgM antibod­ies to M.pneumoniae to a modified indirect haemagglutina­tion test. Epidemiol. Infect. 1989; 103: 613-623.

22. Fedorko D.P., Emery D.D., Franklin S.M., Congdon D.D.

23. Verkooyen R.P., Willemse D., Hiep-van Casteren S.C. et al. Evaluation of PCR, culture and serology for diagnosis of Chlamydia pneumoniae respiratory infections. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1998; 36: 2301-2307.

24. Welti M., Jaton K., Altwegg M. et al. Development of a mul­tiplex real-time quantitative PCR assay to detect Chlamydia pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila and Mycoplasma pneumoniae in respiratory tract secretions. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 2003; 45: 85-95.

25. Jones M.E., Blosser-Middleton R.S., Critchley I.A. et al. In vitro susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemo­philus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis: a European multicenter study during 2000-2001. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 2003; 9: 590-599.

26. Sahm D.F., Weaver M.K., Flamm R.K. et al. Antimicrobial susceptibility in Streptococcus pneumoniae recovered from sinus specimens: results from 2000-2003 TRUST surveil­lance studies. In: 43rd ICAAC, Chicago, IL, USA. Sept. 14-17, 2003. Chicago; 2003. Poster C2-924.

27. Grudinina S.A., Filimonova O.Y., Sidorenko S.V. Surveilance of antibacterial resistance in major pathogens of communi­ty-acquired respiratory tract infections in Moscow, Russia, 2004. In: 15th ESCMID, Copenhagen, Denmark, April 2-5, 2005. Copenhagen; 2005. Abstr. P1776.

28. Blosser-Middleton R.S., Sahm D.F., Thornsberry C., et al. Antimicrobial susceptibility of 840 clinical isolates of Haemophilus influenzae collected in four European coun­tries in 2000-2001. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 2003; 9: 431-436.

29. Чучалин А.Г., Синопальников А.И., Яковлев С.В. и др. Внебольничная пневмония у взрослых: практические рекомендации по диагностике, лечению и профилак­тике (пособие для врачей). Клин. микробиол. и анти­микроб. химиотер. 2003; 5 (3): 198-224.