Заключение

Технологии репрограммирования соматических клеток до плюрипотентного состояния совместно с технологиями культивирования и дифференцировки плюри- потентных стволовых клеток человека открыли целый ряд новых возможностей в поиске новых лекарств и клеточной терапии.

Литература

Aasen T., Raya A., Barrero M.J., et al. Efficient and rapid generation of induced pluripotent stem cells from human keratinocytes // Nat. Biotechnol. 2008. Vol. 26. P. 1276-1284.

Amoroso M.W., Croft G.F., Williams D.J., et al. Accelerated high-yield generation of limb-innervating motor neurons from human stem cells // J. Neurosci. 2013. Vol. 33. P. 574-586.

Aoi T., Yae K., Nakagawa M., et al. Generation of pluripotent stem cells from adult mouse liver and stomach cells // Science. 2008. Vol. 321. P. 699-702.

Aziz N.A., Jurgens C.K., Landwehrmeyer G.B. et al. Normal and mutant HTT interact to affect clinical severity and progression in Huntington disease // Neurology. 2009. Vol. 73. P. 1280-1285.

BhugraD. The global prevalence of schizophrenia // PLoS Med.

Brennand K.J., Simone A., Jou J. et al. Modelling schizophrenia using human induced pluripotent stem cells // Nature. 2011. Vol. 473. P. 221-225.

Briggs R., King T.J. Transplantation of living nuclei from blastula cells into enucleated frogs’ eggs // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1952. Vol. 38. P. 455-463.

Brookmeyer R., Gray S., Kawas C. Projections of Alzheimer’s disease in the United States and the public health impact of delaying disease onset // Am. J. Public Health. 1998. Vol. 88. P. 1337-1342.

Camnasio S., Delli Carri A., Lombardo A. et al. The first reported generation of several induced pluripotent stem cell lines from homozygous and heterozygous Huntington’s disease patients demonstrates mutation related enhanced lysosomal activity // Neurobiol. Dis. 2012. Vol. 46. P. 41-51.

Campbell K.H., McWhir J., Ritchie W.A. et al. Sheep cloned by nuclear transfer from a cultured cell line // Nature. 1996. Vol. 380. P. 64-66.

Chung C.Y., Khurana V., Auluck P.K. et al. Identification and rescue of a-synuclein toxicity in Parkinson patient-derived neurons // Science. 2013. Vol. 342. P. 983-987.

Colman A. Profile of John Gurdon and Shinya Yamanaka, 2012 Nobel laureates in medicine or physiology // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2013. Vol. 110. P. 5740-5741.

Davis R.L., Weintraub H., Lassar A.B. Expression of a single transfected cDNA converts fibroblasts to myoblasts // Cell. 1987. Vol. 51. P. 987-1000.

De Lau L.M.L., Breteler M.M.B. Epidemiology of Parkinson’s disease // Lancet Neurol. 2006. Vol. 5. P. 525-535.

DiFiglia M., Sapp E., Chase K.O. et al. Aggregation of huntingtin in neuronal intranuclear inclusions and dystrophic neurites in brain // Science. 1997. Vol. 277. P. 1990-1993.

Eggan K., Akutsu H., Loring J. et al. Hybrid vigor, fetal overgrowth, and viability of mice derived by nuclear cloning and tetraploid embryo complementation // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2001. Vol. 98. P. 6209-6214.

Eminli S., Utikal J., Arnold K.

Espuny-CamachoI., Michelsen K.A., Gall D. et al. Pyramidal neurons derived from human pluripotent stem cells integrate efficiently into mouse brain circuits in vivo // Neuron. 2013. Vol. 77. P. 440-456.

Evans M.J., Kaufman M.H. Establishment in culture of pluripotential cells from mouse embryos // Nature. 1981. Vol. 292, P. 154-156.

Fusaki N., Ban H., Nishiyama A. et al. Efficient induction of transgene-free human pluripotent stem cells using a vector based on Sendai virus, an RNA virus that does not integrate into the host genome // Proc. Jpn. Acad. Ser. B. Phys. Biol. Sci. 2009. Vol. 85. P. 348-362.

Gurdon J.B. The developmental capacity of nuclei taken from intestinal epithelium cells of feeding tadpoles // J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 1962. Vol. 10. P. 622-640.

Hanna J., Markoulaki S., Schorderet P. et al. Direct reprogramming of terminally differentiated mature B lymphocytes to pluripotency // Cell. 2008. Vol. 133. P. 250-264.

Hanna J.H., Saha K., Jaenisch R. Pluripotency and cellular reprogramming: facts, hypotheses, unresolved issues // Cell. 2010. Vol. 143. P. 508-525.

Harper B. Huntington disease // J. R. Soc. Med. 2005. Vol. 98. P. 550.

Harrison P.J. The neuropathology of schizophrenia. A critical review of the data and their interpretation // Brain. 1999. Vol. 122. Pt. 4. P. 593-624.

Hou P., Li Y., Zhang X. et al. Pluripotent stem cells induced from mouse somatic cells by small-molecule compounds // Science. 2013. Vol. 341. P. 651-654.

Huangfu D., Osafune K., Maehr R. et al. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from primary human fibroblasts with only Oct4 and Sox2 // Nat. Biotechnol. 2008. Vol. 26. P. 1269-1275.

Illarioshkin S.N., Igarashi S., Onodera O. et al. Trinucleotide repeat length and rate of progression of Huntington’s disease // Ann. Neurol. 1994.

Israel M.A., Yuan S.H., Bardy C. et al. Probing sporadic and familial Alzheimer’s disease using induced pluripotent stem cells // Nature. 2012. Vol. 482. P. 216-220.

Jaaro-Peled H., Ayhan Y., Pletnikov M.V. et al. Review of pathological hallmarks of schizophrenia: comparison of genetic models with patients and nongenetic models // Schizophr. Bull. 2010. Vol. 36. P. 301-313.

Jeon I., Lee N., Li J.Y. et al. Neuronal properties, in vivo effects, and pathology of a Huntington’s disease patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells // Stem. Cells. 2012. Vol. 30. P. 2054-2062.

Kim D., Kim C.H., Moon J.I. et al. Generation of human induced pluripotent stem cells by direct delivery of reprogramming proteins // Cell. Stem. Cell. 2009. Vol. 4. P. 472-476.

Kondo T., Asai M., Tsukita K. et al. Modeling Alzheimer’s disease with iPSCs reveals stress phenotypes associated with intracellular Ap and differential drug responsiveness // Cell. Stem. Cell. 2013. Vol. 12. P. 487-496.

Kriks S., Shim J.W., Piao J. et al. Dopamine neurons derived from human ES cells efficiently engraft in animal models of Parkinson’s disease // Nature. 2011. Vol. 480. P. 547-551.

Kwon D.J., Jeon H., Oh K.B. et al. Generation of leukemia inhibitory factor-dependent induced pluripotent stem cells from the Massachusetts General Hospital miniature pig // Biomed. Res. Int. 2013. Vol. 2013. P. 140639.

Lagarkova M.A., Shutova M.V., Bogomazova A.N. et al. Induction of pluripotency in human endothelial cells resets epigenetic profile on genome scale // Cell. Cycle. 2010. Vol. 9. P. 937-946.

Langbehn D.R., Brinkman R.R., Falush D. et al. A new model for prediction of the age of onset and penetrance for Huntington’s disease based on CAG length // Clin. Genet. 2004. Vol. 65. P. 267-277.

Li W., Wei W., Zhu S. et al. Generation of rat and human induced pluripotent stem cells by combining genetic reprogramming and chemical inhibitors // Cell. Stem. Cell. 2009a.

Li W., Zhou H., Abujarour R. et al. Generation of human-induced pluripotent stem cells in the absence of exogenous Sox2 // Stem. Cells. 2009b. Vol. 27. P 2992-3000.

Liu G.H., Qu J., Suzuki K. et al. Progressive degeneration of human neural stem cells caused by pathogenic LRRK2 // Nature. 2012. Vol. 491. P 603-607.

Liu H., Zhu F., Yong J. et al. Generation of induced pluripotent stem cells from adult rhesus monkey fibroblasts // Cell. Stem. Cell. 2008. Vol. 3. P 587-590.

Ma L., Hu B., Liu Y. et al. Human embryonic stem cell-derived GABA neurons correct locomotion deficits in quinolinic acid-lesioned mice // Cell. Stem. Cell. 2012. Vol. 10. P 455-464.

Martin G.R. Isolation of a pluripotent cell line from early mouse embryos cultured in medium conditioned by teratocarcinoma stem cells // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1981. Vol. 78. P 7634-7638.

Misra R.P., Bronson S.K., Xiao Q. et al. Generation of single-copy transgenic mouse embryos directly from ES cells by tetraploid embryo complementation // BMC Biotechnol. 2001. Vol. 1. P. 12.

Nguyen H.N., Byers B., Cord B. et al. LRRK2 mutant iPSC-derived DA neurons demonstrate increased susceptibility to oxidative stress // Cell. Stem. Cell. 2011. Vol. 8. P 267-280.

Okita K., Nakagawa M., Hyenjong H. et al. Generation of mouse induced pluripotent stem cells without viral vectors // Science. 2008. Vol. 322. P 949-953.

Ooi L., Sidhu K., Poljak A. et al. Induced pluripotent stem cells as tools for disease modelling and drug discovery in Alzheimer’s disease // J. Neural. Transm. 2013. Vol. 120. P 103-111.

Park I.H., Arora N., Huo H. et al. Disease-specific induced pluripotent stem cells // Cell. 2008. Vol. 134. P. 877-886.

Potter N.T., Spector E.B., Prior T.W. Technical standards and guidelines for Huntington disease testing // Genet. Med. 2004. Vol. 6. P 61-65.

Rais J., Zviran A., Geula S. et al. Deterministic direct reprogramming of somatic cells to pluripotency // Nature. 2013.

Robicsek O., Karry R., Petit I. et al. Abnormal neuronal differentiation and mitochondrial dysfunction in hair follicle-derived induced pluripotent stem cells of schizophrenia patients // Mol. Psychiatry. 2013. Vol. 18. P 1067-1076.

Shi Y., Do J.T., Desponts C. et al. A combined chemical and genetic approach for the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells // Cell. Stem. Cell. 2008. Vol. 2. P. 525-528.

SproulA.A., Jacob S., Pre D. et al. Characterization and Molecular Profiling of PSEN1 Familial Alzheimer’s Disease iPSC-Derived Neural Progenitors // PLoS One. 2014. Vol. 9. P e84547.

StadtfeldM., Hochedlinger K. Induced pluripotency: history, mechanisms, and applications // Genes. Dev. 2010. Vol. 24. P 2239-2263.

Stadtfeld M., Maherali N., Breault D.T. et al. Defining molecular cornerstones during fibroblast to iPS cell reprogramming in mouse // Cell. Stem. Cell. 2008. Vol. 2. P. 230-240.

Sullivan P.F., Kendler K.S., Neale M.C. Schizophrenia as a complex trait: evidence from a meta-analysis of twin studies // Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 2003. Vol. 60. P. 1187-1192.

Takahashi K., Yamanaka S. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors // Cell. 2006. Vol. 126. P. 663-676.

Takahashi K., Tanabe K., Ohnuki M. et al. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors // Cell. 2007. Vol. 131. P 861-872.

The HD iPSC Consortium. Induced pluripotent stem cells from patients with Huntington’s disease show CAG-repeat-expansion-associated phenotypes // Cell. Stem. Cell. 2012. Vol. 11. P. 264-278.

The Huntington’s Disease Collaborative Research Group. A novel gene containing a trinucleotide repeat that is expanded and unstable on Huntington’s disease chromosomes // Cell. 1993. Vol. 72. P. 971-983.

Thomson J.A., Itskovitz-Eldor J., Shapiro S.S. et al. Embryonic stem cell lines derived from human blastocysts // Science. 1998. Vol. 282. P. 1145-1147.

Warren L., Manos P.D., Ahfeldt T. et al. Highly efficient reprogramming to pluripotency and directed differentiation of human cells with synthetic modified mRNA // Cell. Stem. Cell. 2010. Vol. 7. P. 618-630.

Wilmut I., Schnieke A.E., McWhir J. et al. Viable offspring derived from fetal and adult mammalian cells // Nature. 1997. Vol. 385. P. 810-813.

Woltjen K., Michael I.P., Mohseni P. et al. piggyBac transposition reprograms fibroblasts to induced pluripotent stem cells // Nature. 2009. Vol. 458. P. 766-770.

Yagi T., Ito D., Okada Y. et al. Modeling familial Alzheimer’s disease with induced pluripotent stem cells // Hum. Mol. Genet. 2011. Vol. 20. P. 4530-4539.

Yahata N., Asai M., Kitaoka S. et al. Anti-Ap drug screening platform using human iPS cell-derived neurons for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease // PLoS One. 2011. Vol. 6. P. e25788.

Yu J., VodyanikM.A., Smuga-Otto K. et al. Induced pluripotent stem cell lines derived from human somatic cells // Science. 2007. Vol. 318. P 1917-1920.

Yu J., Hu K., Smuga-Otto K. et al. Human induced pluripotent stem cells free of vector and transgene sequences // Science. 2009. Vol. 324. P 797-801.

Zhao X., Li W., Lv Z. et al. iPS cells produce viable mice through tetraploid complementation // Nature. 2009. Vol. 461. P 86-90.

Zhou W., Freed C.R. Adenoviral gene delivery can reprogram human fibroblasts to induced pluripotent stem cells // Stem. Cells. 2009. Vol. 27. P 2667-2674.