Заключение
B этой главе мы попытались рассмотреть боль с точки зрения co- матоформных расстройств, как это описано в DSM-ГѴ. Были приведены аргументы в пользу и другой точки зрения, согласно которой более полезным подходом является признание, что жалобы пациента на боль в каждом конкретном случае являются биопсихосоциальным феноменом.
Нам также представляется спорным жесткое разделение боли на две части - «соматическую» и «психическую». Это имеет определенную опасность: чрезмерный акцент на роли психологических факторов, когда физическая основа боли неясна, или, наоборот, недооценка важности психологических факторов, когда наличие органического заболевания у пациента не вызывает сомнений. Безусловно, психологические факторы важны, но это не означает, что их выявление говорит об отсутствии физиологических факторов.Таким образом, обобщая сказанное, мы хотим предложить клиницистам рассматривать боль с точки зрения интегративной биопси- хосоциальной модели и не хвататься за упрощенное понимание отдельно биологической, психологической или социальной причинной обусловленности. Мы полагаем, что это наилучший метод лечения пациентов, страдающих болью.
Список литературы
1. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
2. Appleby, L (1987). Hypochondriasis: An acceptable diagnosis? British Medical Journal 294,857.
5. Banks, S. M., & Kerns, R. D. (1996). Explaining high rates of depression in chronic pain: A diathesis-stress framework. Psychological Bulletin, 199,95-110.
4. Barsky, A. J., & Borus, J. F. (1995). Somatization and medicalization in the era of
managed care.Journalofthe American MedicalAssociation, 274,1931-1934.
5. Barsky, A. J., & Borus1 J. R (1999). Functional somatic syndromes. Annals of Internal Medicine, 130,910-921.
6. Burton,A. K.,Tillotson, K. M., Main,CJ., & Hoilis, S. (1995). Psychosocial predictors of outcome in acute and subchronic low back trouble. Spine, 20, 722-728.
7. Cervero1 E, & Laird,J. M.A. (1999).Visceral pain. Lancet, 353, 2145-2148.
8. Chapman, C R., & Gavrin, J. (1999). Suffering: The contributions of persistent pain. Lancet, 353, 2233-2237.
9. Clark, D. M.,Salkovskis, R M., Hackmann,A.,Wells,A.,Fennell, M., Ludgate,J.,Ahmad, S., Richards, H. C, & Gelder, M. (1998).Two psychologicaltreatments for hypochondriasis. A randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Psychiatry, 173, 218-225
10. Costello, C. G. (1993). From symptoms of depression to syndromes of depression. In C. G. Costello (Ed.), Symptoms of depression (pp. 291-302). New York: Wiley.
11. Craig,T. K. J., Boardman,A. P., Mills, K., Daly-Jones, 0., & Drake, H. (1993). The South London somatisation study. 1. Longitudinal course and the influence of early life experiences. British Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 579-588.
12. Dworkin, S. E, Wilson, L., &c Massoth, D. L (1994). Somatizing as a risk factor for chronic pain. In R. C. Grzesiak & D. S. Ciccone (Eds.), Psychological vulnerability to chronic pain (pp. 28-54). NewYork: Springer
13. Engel, G. L (1980). The clinical application of the biopsychosocial model. American Journal of Psychiatry, 137, 535-544
14. Flor, H., Turk, D. C, & SchoL·, 0. B. (1987). Impact of chronic pain on the spouse: Marital, emotional and physical consequences. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 31,63-71.
15. Fordyce, W. E. (1976). Behavioral methods for chronic pain and illness. St. Louis, MO: Mosby.
16. Grzesiak, R. C, Ury, G. M., & Dworkin, R. H. (1996) Psychodynamic psychotherapy with chronic pain patients. In R. J. Gatchel 8c D. C. Turk (Eds.), Psychological approaches to pain management:Apractitioner>s handbook (pp. 148-178). NewYork: Guilford Press.
17. Hotopf, M., Mayou, R., Wadsworth, M., & Wessely, S.
(1999). Psychosocial and developmental antecedents of chest pain in young adults. Psychosomatic Medicine, 61,861-867.18. Howard, L M., & Wessely, S. (1996). Reappraising reassurance-the role of investigations.Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 41, 307-311
19. Keefe, E J., Dunsmore,J., 8c Burnett, R. (1992). Behavioral and cognitive-behavioral approaches to chronic pain: Recent advances and future directions. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60, 528-536.
20. Keefe, E J.,Jacobs, M., &t Underwood-Gordon, L (1997). Biobehavioral pain research: A multi-institute assessment of cross-cutting issues and research needs. Clinical Journal of Pain, 13, 91-103.
21. Kirmayer, L.J., Robbins,J. M., & Paris,J. (1994). Somatoform disorders: Personalityand the social matrix of somatic distress.Journal ofAbnormal Psychology, 103,125-136.
22. Kouyanou, K., Pither, C. E., & Wessely, S. (1997). Iatrogenic factors and chronic pain. Psychosomatic Medicine, 59, 597-604.
23. Lamb, L E.,Stevens, P. M., & Johnson, R. L (1965). Hypokinesia secondaryto chair rest from 4 to 10 days.Aerospace Medicine, 36,755-763.
24. Loeser,J. D., & Melzack, R. (1999). Pain: An overview. Lancet, 353,1607-1609.
25. Marks, I. M., 8c Nesse, R. M. (1994), Fear and fitness: An evolutionary analysis of anxietydisorders. Ethologyand Sociobiology, 15, 247-261.
26. Martin, R. D. (1999). The somatoform conundrum: A question of nosological values. General Hospital Psychiatry, 21(3) Л 77-186.
27. McCracken, L M. (1998). Learning to live with the pain: Acceptance of pain predicts
adjustment in persons with chronic pain. Pain1 74, 21-27.
28. McCracken, L M., Faber, S. D., & Janeck, A. S. (1998). Pain-related anxiety predicts non-specific physical complaints in persons with chronic pain. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 621-630
29. McQuay, H., & Moore,A. (1998). An evidence-based resource for pain relief. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
30. Morley, S. J., Eccleston, C, & Williams, A. C. de C (1999). Systematic review and metaanalysis of randomised controlled trials of cognitive behaviour therapy and behaviour therapy for chronic pain in adults, excluding headache. Pain, 80,1-13.
31. Newton-John, T. 0., & Williams, A. C. (2000). So-Iicitousness revisited: A qualitative analysis of spouse responses to pain behaviours. In M. De-vor, M. Rowbotham, &c Z. Wiesenfeld-Hallin (Eds.), Proceedings of the 9th World Congress in Pain (pp. 1113- 1122). Seattle,WA: IASP Press
32. Philips, H. C. (1987). Avoidance behaviour and its role in sustaining chronic pain. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 25, 273-279.
33. Pincus, T., & Williams, A. C. (1999). Models and measurements of depression in chronic pain.Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 47, 211-219.
34. Roy, R. (1992). The social context of the chronic pain sufferer. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
35. Rudy, T. E., Kerns, R. D., & Turk, D. C (1988). Chronic pain and depression: Toward a cognitive-behavioral mediation model. Pain, 35,129-140.
36. Salkovskis, P. M., & Warwick, H. M. (1986). Morbid preoccupations, health anxiety and reassurance: A cognitive-behavioural approach to hypochondriasis. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 24, 597-602^
37. Sharpe, M.,8c Bass,C (1992). Pathophysiological models in somatization. International Review of Psychiatry, 4, 81-97.
38. Sharpe, M., 8c Carson, A. J. (2001). «Unexplained» somatic symptoms, functional syndromes, and somatization: Do we need a paradigm shift? Annals of Internal Medicine, 134(9), Suppl. (Part 2), S926.
39. Skevington, S. M. (1995). Psychology of pain. Chichester, UK: Wiley.
40. Staud, R., Vierck, C J., Cannon, R. L., Mauderli, A. R1 & Price, D. D. (2001). Abnormal sensitization and temporal summation of second pain (wind-up) in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome. Pain, 91,165-175.
41. Sullivan, M. D. (2001). Finding pain between minds and bodies.
Clinical Journal of Pain, 17,146-156.42. Sullivan, M.J. L.,Thorn, B., Haythornthwaite,J.A., Keefe, R, Martin, M., Bradley, LA., & Lefevre,J. C. (2001).Theoretical perspectives on the relation between catastrophizing and pain. ClinicalJournal of Pain, 17, 53-61.
43. Todd,J. W (1984). Investigations. Lancet, it, 1146-1147.
44. Turner, J. A., LeResche, L., Von Korff, M., 6c Ehrlich, K. (1998). Back pain in primary care. Patient characteristics, content of initial visit, and short-term outcomes. Spine, 23,463-469.
45. Veldman, H.J. M.,Reynen, H. M.,Arntz, I. E., & Goris, R.J.A. (1993). Signs and symptoms of reflex sympathetic dystrophy: A prospective study of 829 patients. Lancet, 342, 1012-1016.
46. Vlaeyen,J.W. S., & Linton,S.J. (2000). Fear-avoidance and its consequences in chronic musculoskeletal pain: A state of the art. Pain, 85, 317-332.
47. Von Korff, M., Le Resche, L., 6t Dworkin, S. F. (1993). First onset of common pain symptoms: A prospective study of depression as a risk factor. Pain, 55, 251-258.
48. Von Korff, M., Moore,J. E., Lorig, K., Gherkin, D.
49. C.,Saunders, K.,Gonzalez,V M., Laurent, D., Rutter,C., & Comite, E (1998). A randomized trial of a lay person-led self-management group intervention for back pain patients in primary care. Spine, 23(23), 2608-2615.
50. Von Korff, M., Se Simon, G. (1996). The relationship between pain and depression. British Journal of Psychiatry, 168(Suppl. 30), 101-108.
51. Wall, R D. (1994). Introduction. In P. D. Wall & R. Melzack (Eds.),Textbook of pain (3rd ed., pp. 1-7). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.
52. Wall, P. D. (1999). Pain: The science of suffering. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
53. Warwick, H. M., Clark, D. M., Cobb, A. M., & Salkovskis, R M. (1996). A controlled trial of cognitive-behavioural treatment of hypochondriasis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 169,189-195.
54. Warwick, H. M., & Salkovskis, R M. (1985). Reassurance. British Medical journal, 290, 1028-1028.
55. Warwick, H. M., & Salkovskis, P M. (1990). Hypochondriasis. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28,105-117
56. Woolf, C J., Bennett, G. J., Doherty, M., Dubner, R., Kidd, B., Koltzenburg, M., Lipton, R., Loeser, J. D., Payne, R., & Torebjork, E. (1998). Towards a mechanism-based classification of pain? Pain, 77, 227-229.
57. Woolf, C J., & Mannion, R. J. (1999). Neuropathic pain: Aetiology, symptoms, mechanisms, and management. Lancet, 353,1959-1964.
Еще по теме Заключение:
- Заключение
- Заключение
- Заключение
- Заключение
- Заключение
- Заключение
- Заключение
- Заключение
- 2.5. Рациональное трудоустройство больных по заключению КЭК
- Патоморфологическое заключение