Заключение
Болезнь Паркинсона - это системное неизлечимое нейродегенеративное заболевание, при котором нейродегенерации подвержена не только нигростриатная до- фаминергическая система, но и ряд других отделов мозга, а также периферическая нервная система.
Это приводит к появлению «немоторных» симптомов задолго до нарушения моторики, т.е. на доклинической стадии. Осуществляемый нами и другими исследователями поиск периферических биомаркеров доклинической стадии БП позволит в недалеком будущем создать комплексную доклиническую диагностику БП и начать превентивное нейропротекторное лечение, которое предотвратит надолго или даже на всю оставшуюся жизнь нарушение двигательной функции. Согласно результатам, полученным авторами статьи при обследовании более чем 200 нелеченых пациентов на ранней клинической стадии БП, и опираясь на литературные данные, к периферическим биомаркерам можно отнести нарушение но- радренергической регуляции и функционирования сердечно-сосудистой системы, изменение концентрации катехоламинов, серотонина, аминокислот и гормонов - пролактина и кортизола, в крови, а также экспрессию специфических генов на лимфоцитах. Следует отметить, что в нашей работе впервые показано наличие количественных различий по изучаемым биомаркерам между дрожательной и ригидной формами БП, что имеет большое значение и для дифференциальной диагностики уже на доклинической стадии заболевания. Важно отметить, что каждый биомаркер относительно специфичен по отношению к заболеванию, а поэтому необходим комплексный подход с применением максимально возможного набора биомаркеров. Следует отметить, что перспективным является подход, ориентированный на использование в качестве биомаркеров тех показателей, которые можно быстро и относительно недорого определить на имеющемся в современных диагностических лабораториях оборудовании. На основе обнаружения ряда биомаркеров при диспансеризации здорового населения будет создаваться группа риска, в которой окончательный диагноз можно будет поставить с помощью позитронно-эмиссионной томографии.Литература
ГусевЕ.И., Коновалов А.Н., Бурд Г.С. Болезнь Паркинсона // Неврология и нейрохирургия. М.: Медицина, 2000. С. 586-591.
Дильмухаметова Л.К., Пронина Т.С., Зиязетдинова Г.З. и др. Роль норадреналина в развитии дофа- мин-зависимой гиперпролактинемии // Нейрохимия. 2009. Vol. 26. № 4. P. 318-327.
Зиязетдинова Г.З, Сапронова А.Я., Киясова В.А. и др. Компенсаторная реакция при дегенерации до- фаминергических нейронов аркуатного ядра // Журнал эволюционной биохимии и физиологии. 2008. Vol. 44. P. 72-77.
Agnoli A., Baldassarre M., Ruggieri S. et al. Prolactin response as an index of dopaminergic receptor function in Parkinson’s disease. Correlation with clinical findings and therapeutic response // J. Neural. Transm. 1981. Vol. 1-2. P. 123-134.
Ahlskog J.E., Uitti R.J., Tyce G.M. et al. Plasma catechols and monoamine oxidase metabolites in untreated Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease // J. Neurol. Sci. 1996. Vol. 136. P. 162-168.
AllcockL.M., Ullyart K., Kenny R.A. et al. Frequency of orthostatic hypotension in a community based cohort of patients with Parkinson’s disease // J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 2004. Vol. 75. P. 1470-1471.
Amino T, Orimo S., Itoh Y. et al. Profound cardiac sympathetic denervation occurs in Parkinson disease // Brain Pathol. 2005. Vol. 15. P. 29-34.
Aziz NA., Pijl H., Frolich M. et al. Diurnal secretion profiles of growth hormone, thyrotrophin and prolactin in Parkinson’s disease // J. Neuroendocrinol. 2011. Vol. 23. № 6. P. 519-524.
BelikovaM.V.,LukyantsevaG.V, Pastukhova VA. Change in plasma catecholamine levels in people in aging and Parkinson’s disease // Український медичний альманах. 2013. Vol. 16. № 2. P. 108-110.
Bell R.D., Carruth A., Rosenberg R.N. et al. Effect of dopamine agonist (Lergotrile mesylate) therapy on twenty-four hour secretion of prolactin in threated Parkinson’s disease // J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1978. Vol. 4. P 807-811.
Bellomo G., Santambrogio L., Fiacconi M. et al. Plasma profiles of adrenocorticotropic hormone, cortisol, growth hormone and prolactin in patients with untreated Parkinson’s disease // J.
Neurol. 1991. Vol. 238. P 19-22.BertrandE., Lechowicz W., Szpak G.M. et al. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of locus coeruleus neurons in Parkinson’s disease // Folia Neuropathol. 1997. Vol. 35. P 80-86.
Beyer K., Domingo-Sabat M., Humbert J. et al. Differential expression of alpha-synuclein, parkin, and synphilin-1 isoforms in Lewy body disease // Neurogenetics. 2008. Vol. 9. P 163-172.
Bigger J.T., Fleiss J.L., Steinman R.C. et al. Frequency domain measures of heart period variability and mortality after myocardial infarction // Circulation. 1992. Vol. 85. P 164-171.
Bloch A., Probst A., Bissig H. et al. a-Synuclein pathology of the spinal and peripheral autonomic nervous system in neurologically unimpaired elderly subjects // Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 2006. Vol. 32. P. 284-295.
Bordet R., Broly F., Destee A. et al. Debrisoquine hydroxylation genotype in familial forms of idiopathic Parkinson’s disease // Adv. Neurol. 1996. Vol. 69. P 97-100.
Bouhaddi M., Vuillier F., Fortrat J.O. et al. Impaired cardiovascular autonomic control in newly and long- term-treated patients with Parkinson’s disease: involvement of L-dopa therapy // Autonomic. Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical. 2004. Vol. 116. P. 30-38.
Buob A., Winter H., Kindermann M. et al. Parasympathetic but not sympathetic cardiac dysfunction at early stages of Parkinson’s disease // Clin. Res. Cardiol. 2010. Vol. 11. P. 701-706.
Courbon F., Brefel-Courbon C., Thalamas C. et al. Cardiac MIBG scintigraphy is a sensitive tool for detecting cardiac sympathetic denervation in Parkinson’s disease // Mov. Disord. 2003. Vol. 18. P. 890-897. Deguchi K., Sasaki I., Tsukaguchi M. et al. Abnormalities of rate-corrected QT intervals in Parkinson’s disease-a comparison with multiple system atrophy and progressive supranuclear palsy // J. Neurol. Sci.
2002. Vol. 199. P 31-37.
Devos D., Kroumova M., Bordet R. et al. Heart rate variability and Parkinson’s disease severity // J. Neural. Transm.
2003. Vol. 110. P 997-1011.Eisler T., Thorner M.O., MacLeod R.M. et al. Prolactin secretion in Parkinson disease // Neurology. 1981. Vol. 10. P 1356-1359.
Fornai F., di Poggio A.B., Pellegrini A. et al. Noradrenaline in Parkinson’s disease: from disease progression to current therapeutics // Curr. Med. Chem. 2007. Vol. 14. P. 2330-2334.
Freeman M.E., Kanyicska B., Lerant A. et al. Prolactin: structure, function, and regulation of secretion // Physiol. Rev. 2000. Vol. 80. P 1523-1631.
Fujishiro H., Frigerio R., Burnett M. et al. Cardiac sympathetic denervation correlates with clinical and pathologic stages of Parkinson’s disease // Mov. Disord. 2008. Vol. 23. P. 1085-1092.
Fumimura Y., Ikemura M., Saito Y. et al. Analysis of the adrenal gland is useful for evaluating pathology of the peripheral autonomic nervous system in lewy body disease // J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 2007. Vol. 66. P. 354-362.
Gebuhr T.C., Bultman S.J., Magnuson T. Pc-G/trx-G and the SWI/SNF connection: developmental gene regulation through chromatin remodeling // Genesis. 2000. Vol. 26. P. 189-197.
German D.C., Manaye K.F., White C.L., et al. Disease-specific patterns of locus coeruleus cell loss // Ann. Neurol. 1992. Vol. 32. P 667-676.
Gesi M., Soldani P., Giorgi F.S. et al. The role of the locus coeruleus in the development of Parkinson’s disease // Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2000. Vol. 24. P. 655-668.
Goetz C.G., Poewe W., Rascol O. et al. Movement Disorder Society Task Force report on the Hoehn and Yahr staging scale: status and recommendations // Mov. Disord. 2004. Vol. 19. P. 1020-1028.
Goldstein D.S. Dysautonomia in Parkinson’s disease: neurocardiological abnormalities // Lancet. Neurol.
2003. Vol. 2. P. 669-676.
Goldstein D.S. Cardiovascular aspects of Parkinson disease // J. Neural. Transmission. 2006a. Vol. 70. P. 339-342.
Goldstein D.S. Orthostatic hypotension as an early finding in Parkinson’s disease // Clin. Auton. Res. 2006b. Vol. 16. P. 46-54.
Goldstein D.S. Cardiac denervation in patients with Parkinson disease // Clevel and Clinic. J. Medicine. 2007. Vol. 74. Supplement 1. P. S91-S94.
Goldstein D.S. Dysautonomia in Parkinson disease // Compr. Physiol. 2014. Vol. 2. P. 805-826.
Goldstein D.S., Orimo S. Cardiac sympathetic neuroimaging: summary of the First International Symposium // Clin. Auton. Res. 2009. Vol. 19. P. 133-136.
Goldstein D.S., Holmes C., Cannon R.O. et al. Sympathetic cardioneuropathy in dysautonomias // N. Engl. J. Med. 1997. Vol. 336. P. 696-702.
Goldstein D.S., Holmes C., Li S.T. et al. Cardiac sympathetic denervation in Parkinson disease // Ann. Intern. Med. 2000а. Vol. 133. P. 338-347.
Goldstein D.S., Tack C. Non-invasive detection of sympathetic neurocirculatory failure // Clin. Auton. Res. 2000b. Vol. 10. P. 285-291.
Goldstein D.S., Holmes C., Dendi R., Bruce S., Li S-T. Orthostatic hypotension from sympathetic denervation in Parkinson’s disease // Neurology. 2002. Vol. 58. P. 1247-1255.
Goldstein D.S., Pechnik S., Holmes C. et al. Association between supine hypertension and orthostatic hypotension in autonomic failure // Hypertension. 2003а. Vol. 42. P. 136-142.
Goldstein D.S., Holmes C., Sharabi Y. et al. Plasma levels of catechols and metanephrines in neurogenic orthostatic hypotension // Neurology. 2003b. Vol. 60. P. 1327-1332.
Goldstein D.S., Eldadah B.A., Holmes C. et al. Neurocirculatory abnormalities in Parkinson disease with orthostatic hypotension: independence from levodopa treatment // Hypertension. 2005. Vol. 6. P. 13331339.
Goldstein D.S., Sharabi Y., Karp B.I. et al. Cardiac sympathetic denervation preceding motor signs in Parkinson disease // Clin. Auton. Res. 2007a. Vol. 17. P. 118-121.
Goldstein D.S., Imrich R., Peckham E. et al. Neurocirculatory and nigrostriatal abnormalities in Parkinson disease from LRRK2 mutation // Neurology. 2007b. Vol. 69. P. 1580-1584.
Goldstein D.S., SewellL., Sharabi Y. Autonomic dysfunction in PD: a window to early detection? // J.
Neurol. Sci. 2011. Vol. 310. P. 118-122.Goldstein D.S., Holmes C., Sewell L. Sympathetic noradrenergic before striatal dopaminergic denervation: relevance to Braak staging of synucleinopathy // Clin. Auton. Res. Clin. Auton. Res. 2012. Vol. 22. P. 57-61.
Gotz M., Huttner W.B. The cell biology of neurogenesis // Nature Reviews. Molecular. Cell. biology. 2005. Vol. 6. P. 777-788.
Haapaniemi T.H., Pursiainen V., Korpelainen J.T. et al. Ambulatory ECG and analysis of heart rate variability in Parkinson’s disease // J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 2001. Vol. 70. P. 305-310.
Haensch C.A., Lerch H., Jorg J. et al. Cardiac denervation occurs independent of orthostatic hypotension and impaired heart rate variability in Parkinson’s disease // Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 2009. Vol. 15. P. 134-137.
Hoehn M.M., Yahr M.D. Parkinsonism: onset, progression and mortality // Neurology. 1967. Vol. 5. P. 427442.
Hsieh J., Gage F.H. Chromatin remodeling in neural development and plasticity // Current Opinion in Cell. Biology. 2005. Vol. 17. P. 664-671.
Jain S., Goldstein D.S. Cardiovascular dysautonomia in Parkinson disease: from pathophysiology to pathogenesis // Neurobiol. Dis. 2012. Vol. 46. P. 572-580.
Joers V., Emborg M. Modeling and imaging cardiac sympathetic neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s disease // Am. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging. 2014. Vol. 2. P. 1215-159.
KatzenschlagerR. Parkinson’s disease: recent advances // J. Neurol. 2014. Vol. 5. P. 1031-1036.
Kawano H., Okada R., Yano K. Histological study on the distribution of autonomic nerves in the human heart // Heart Vessels. 2003. Vol. 18. P. 32-39.
Kim J.K., Huh S.O., Choi H. et al. Srg3, a mouse homolog of yeast SWI3, is essential for early embryogen- esis and involved in brain development // Molec. Cell. Biol. 2001. Vol. 21. P. 7787-7795.
Kleiger R.E., Miller J.P., Bigger J.T. et al. Decreased heart rate variability and its association with increased mortality after acute myocardial infarction // Am. J. Cardiol. 1987. Vol. 59. P. 265-262.
Koga M., Ishiguro H., Yazaki S. et al. Involvement of SMARCA2/BRM in the SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling complex in schizophrenia // Human Molecular Genetics. 2009. Vol. 18. P. 2483-2494.
Kostic V.S., Marinkovic Z., Filipovic S. et al. Function of dopamine receptors in young onset Parkinson’s disease: prolactin response // Mov. Disord. 1993. Vol. 2. P. 227-229.
Laihinen A., Rinne U.K. Function of dopamine receptors in Parkinson’s disease: prolactin responses // Neurology. 1986. Vol. 36. № 3. P. 393-395.
Langston J.W., Forno L.S. The hypothalamus in Parkinson disease // Ann. Neurol. 1978. Vol. 3. P. 129-133.
Lepagnol-Bestel A.M., Zvara A., Maussion G., et al. DYRK1A interacts with the REST/NRSF-SWI/SNF chromatin remodelling complex to deregulate gene clusters involved in the neuronal phenotypic traits of Down syndrome // Human Molecular Genetics. 2009. Vol. 18. P. 1405-1414.
Lessard J., Wu J.I., Ranish J.A., et al. An essential switch in subunit composition of a chromatin remodeling complex during neural development // Neuron. 2007. Vol. 55. P. 201-215.
Li S.T., Dendi R., Holmes C. et al. Progressive loss of cardiac sympathetic innervation in Parkinson’s disease // Ann. Neurol. 2002. Vol. 52. P. 220-223.
Luther J.M. Drug-induced autonomic dysfunction. Eds. D. Robertson, I. Biaggioni, G. Burnstock, P.A. Low, J.F.R. Paton. San Diego: Elsevier, 2012. P. 511-514.
Mahlknecht P., Poewe W. Is there a need to redefine Parkinson’s disease? // J. Neural. Transm. 2013. Vol. 120. Suppl. 1. P. S9-S17.
Maeda T., Shimizu N. Ascending projections from the locus coeruleus and other aminergic pontine neurons at the level of the rat prosencephalon // Brain Res. 1972. Vol. 36. P 19-35.
Maracchioni A., Totaro A., Angelini D.F., et al. Mitochondrial damage modulates alternative splicing in neuronal cells: implications for neurodegeneration // J. Neurochem. 2007. Vol. 100. P. 142-153.
Mastrocola C., Vanacore N., Giovani A. et al. Twenty-four-hour heart rate variability to assess autonomic function in Parkinson’s disease // Acta. Neurol. Scand. 1999. Vol. 99. P. 245-247.
Maze J., Noh K.M.,Allis C.D. Histone regulation in the CNG: basic principles of epigenetic plasticity // Neuropsychopharmacology: Oficial Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2013. Vol. 38. P 3-22.
Mitsui J., Saito Y., Momose T. et al. Pathology of the sympathetic nervous system corresponding to the decreased cardiac uptake in 123I-metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) scintigraphy in a patient with Parkinson disease // J. Neurol. Sci. 2006. Vol. 243. P 101-104.
Mollenhauer B., Zhang J. Biochemical premotor biomarkers for Parkinson’s disease // Mov. Disord. 2012. Vol. 27. № 5. P. 644-650.
Moore R.Y., Whone A.L., Brooks D.J. Extrastriatal monoamine neuron function in Parkinson’s disease: an 18F-dopa PET study // Brain Res. 2008. Vol. 29. № 3. P 381-390.
Murri L., Iudice A., Muratorio A. et al. Spontaneous nocturnal plasma prolactin and growth hormone secretion in patients with Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s chorea // Eur. Neurol. 1980. Vol. 19. № 3. P. 198-206.
Nagai Y., Ueno S., Saeki Y. et al. Decrease of the D3 dopamine receptor mRNA expression in lymphocytes from patients with Parkinson’s disease // Neurology. 1996. Vol. 46. P 791-795.
Nigmatullina R.R., Ugrumov M.V., Abzalov N.I. et al. The response of the pumping function of the heart to the orthostatic test and monoamines plasma level may serve as markers of early-stage Parkinson’s disease // J. Electrocardiology. 2013. Vol. 43. P.e5-e6.
Oka H., Mochio S., Sato H. et al. Prolongation of QTc interval in patients with Parkinson’s disease // Eur. Neurol. 1997. Vol. 37. № 3. P 186-189.
Oka H., Yoshioka M., Onouchi K. et al. Characteristics of orthostatic hypotension in Parkinson’s disease // Brain. 2007. Vol. 9. P. 2425-2432.
Orimo S., Ozawa E., Nakade S. et al. (123)I-metaiodobenzylguanidine myocardial scintigraphy in Parkinson’s disease // J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 1999. Vol. 67. P. 189-194.
Orimo S., Ozawa E., Oka T. et al. Different histopathology accounting for a decrease in myocardial MIBG uptake in PD and MSA // Neurology. 2001. Vol. 57. P 1140-1141.
Orimo S., Oka T., Miura H. et al. Sympathetic cardiac denervation in Parkinson’s disease and pure autonomic failure but not in multiple system atrophy // J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 2002. Vol. 73. P. 776-777.
Orimo S., Amino T., Itoh Y. et al. Cardiac sympathetic denervation precedes neuronal loss in the sympathetic ganglia in Lewy body disease // Acta. Neuropathol. 2005a. Vol. 109. P. 583-588.
Orimo S., Amino T., Yokochi M. et al. Preserved cardiac sympathetic nerve accounts for normal cardiac uptake of MIBG in PARK2 // Mov. Disord. 2005b. Vol. 20. P. 1350-135.
Orimo S., Kanazawa T., Nakamura A. et al. Degeneration of cardiac sympathetic nerve can occur in multiple system atrophy // Acta Neuropathol. (Berl.). 2007a. Vol. 113. P. 81-86.
Orimo S., Takahashi A., Uchihara T. et al. Degeneration of cardiac sympathetic nerve begins in the early disease process of Parkinson’s disease // Brain. Pathol. 2007b. Vol. 17. P. 24-30.
Orimo S., Uchihara T., Nakamura A. et al. Axonal alpha-synuclein aggregates herald centripetal degeneration of cardiac sympathetic nerve in Parkinson’s disease // Brain. 2008. Vol. 131. P. 642-650.
Otake K., Oiso Y., Mitsuma T. et al. Hypothalamic dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease patients // Acta. Med. Hung. 1994. Vol. 50. P. 3-13.
Pacak K., Palkovits M., Kopin I.J. et al. Stress-induced norepinephrine release in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and pituitary-adrenocortical and sympathoadrenal activity: in vivo microdialysis studies // Front. Neuroendocrinol. 1995. Vol. 16. P. 89-150.
Parnetti L., Castrioto A., Chiasserini D. et al. Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in Parkinson disease // Nat. Rev. Neurol. 2013. Vol. 9. № 3. P. 131-140.
Paulus W., Jellinger K. The neuropathologic basis of different clinical subgroups of Parkinson’s disease // J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 1991. Vol. 50. P. 743-755.
Poewe W. Non-motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease // Eur. J. Neurol. 2008. Vol. 5. P. 14-20.
Post K.K., Singer C., Papapetropoulos S. Cardiac denervation and dysautonomia in Parkinson’s disease: a review of screening techniques // Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 2008. Vol. 14. P. 524-531.
Potashkin J.A., Santiago J.A., Ravina B.M. et al. Biosignatures for Parkinson’s disease and atypical parkinsonian disorders patients // PloS one 7. 2012. P. e43595.
Ramirez A., Heimbach A., Grundemann J. et al. Hereditary parkinsonism with dementia is caused by mutations in ATP13A2, encoding a lysosomal type 5 P-type ATPase // Nature. Genetics. 2006. Vol. 38. P. 1184-1191.
Sandyk R., Iacono R.P., Bamford C.R. The hypothalamus in Parkinson disease // Ital J Neurol Sci. 1987. Vol. 8. P. 227-234.
SchatzI.J. Farewell to the «Shy-Drager syndrome» // Ann. Intern. Med. 1996. Vol. 125. P. 74-75.
Scherzer C.R., Eklund A.C., Morse L.J. et al. Molecular markers of early Parkinson’s disease based on gene expression in blood // Proceedings National. Acad. Sci. USA. 2007. Vol. 104. P. 955-960.
Senard J.M., ValetP., Durrieu G. et al. Adrenergic supersensitivity in parkinsonians with orthostatic hypotension // Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 1990. Vol. 20. P. 613-619.
Senard J.M., Verwaerde P., Rascol O. et al. Effects of acute levodopa administration on blood pressure and heart variability in never treated parkinsonians // Hypertens. Res. 1995. Vol. 18. Suppl 1. P. S175-177.
Senard J.M, Rai S., Lapeyre-Mestre M. et al. Prevalence of orthostatic hypotension in Parkinson’s disease // J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 1997. Vol. 63. P. 584-589.
Sengupta S., Xiong L., Fathalli F. et al. Association study of the trinucleotide repeat polymorphism within SMARCA2 and schizophrenia // BMC Genetics. 2006. Vol. 7. P. 34.
Shannak K., Rajput A., Rozdilsky B. et al. Noradrenaline, dopamine and serotonin levels and metabolism in the human hypothalamus: observations in Parkinson’s disease and normal subjects // Brain. Res. 1994. V. 639. № 1. P. 331-341.
Sharma S., Moon C.S., Khogali A. et al. Biomarkers in Parkinson’s disease (recent update) // Neurochem. Int. 2013. Vol. 63. № 3. P. 201-229.
Singleton A., Gwinn-Hardy K., Sharabi Y. et al. Association between cardiac denervation and parkinsonism caused by alpha-synuclein gene triplication // Brain. 2004. Vol. 127. P. 768-772.
Sohn D.H., Lee K.Y., Lee C. et al. SRG3 interacts directly with the major components of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex and protects them from proteasomal degradation // J. Biol. Chem. 2007. Vol. 282. P. 10614-10624.
Takatsu H., Nishida H., Matsuo H. et al. Cardiac sympathetic denervation from the early stage of Parkin - son’s disease: clinical and experimental studies with radiolabeled MIBG // J. Nucl. Med. 2000. Vol. 41. P. 71-77.
Taki J., Nakajima K., Hwang E.H. et al. Peripheral sympathetic dysfunction in patients with Parkinson’s disease without autonomic failure is heart selective and disease specific // Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 2000. Vol. 27. P. 566-573.
Tipre D.N., Goldstein D.S. Cardiac and extracardiac sympathetic denervation in Parkinson’s disease with orthostatic hypotension and in pure autonomic failure // J. Nucl. Med. 2005. Vol. 46. P. 1775-1781.
Treglia G., Cason E., StefanelliA. et al. MIBG scintigraphy in differential diagnosis of Parkinsonism: a metaanalysis // Clin. Auton. Res. 2012. Vol. 22. P. 43-55.
Ugrumov M.V., Melnikova V.I., Lavrentyeva A.V. et al. Dopamine synthesis by non-dopaminergic neurons expressing individual complementary enzymes of the dopamine synthetic pathway in the arcuate nucleus of fetal rats // Neuroscience. 2004. Vol. 124. P. 629-635.
Ugrumov M., Taxi J., Pronina T. et al. Neurons expressing individual enzymes of dopamine synthesis in the mediobasal hypothalamus of adult rats: Functional significance and topographic interrelations // Neuroscience. 2014. Vol. 277. P.45-54.
Velseboer D.C., de Haan R.J., Wieling W. et al. Prevalence of orthostatic hypotension in Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis // Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 2011. Vol. 10. P. 724-729.
Vogel H.P., Ketsche R. Effect of hypoglycaemia, TRH and levodopa on plasma growth hormone, prolactin, thyrotropin and cortisol in Parkinson’s disease before and during therapy // J. Neurol. 1986. Vol. 233. P. 149-152.
Vorobyeva N.E., Soshnikova N.V., Kuzmina J.L. et al. The novel regulator of metazoan development SAYP organizes a nuclear coactivator supercomplex // Cell. Cycle. 2009. Vol. 8. P. 2152-2156.
Wakabayashi K., Takahashi H. Gallyas-positive, tau-negative glial inclusions in Parkinson’s disease midbrain // Neurosci. Lett. 1996. Vol. 2-3. P 133-136.
Waragai M., Sekiyama K., Fujita M. et al. Biomarkers for the diagnosis and management of Parkinson’s disease // Expert Opin. Med. Diagn. 2013. Vol. 7. № 1. P 71-83.
Yoo A.S., Crabtree G.R. ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling in neural development // Current Opinion in Neurobiology. 2009. Vol. 19. P 120-126.
Zhong N., Kim C.Y., Rizzu P. et al. DJ-1 transcriptionally up-regulates the human tyrosine hydroxylase by inhibiting the sumoylation of pyrimidine tract-binding protein-associated splicing factor // J. Biol. Chemistry. 2006. Vol. 281. P 20940-20948.